Do I Need a UK ETA or Visa? How to Decide

Last updated: 19 October 2026

Introduction: ETA or Visa? Understanding Your Options

Planning a trip to the United Kingdom starts with one fundamental question: do you need an ETA or a visa? In short: visa-exempt nationals – for example from the US, Canada, Australia or the EU (except Ireland) – need a £20 ETA for visits of up to six months, while most other nationals need a Standard Visitor visa (£135). The purpose and length of your visit also matter. Getting this right from the outset is crucial, as applying for the wrong type of authorisation can result in delays, wasted money, and even being turned away at the border.

The UK’s Electronic Travel Authorisation (ETA) system, launched in October 2023 and required of EU nationals since 2 April 2025, covers visitors from visa-exempt countries who plan short stays. But for many nationalities, a full visitor visa remains the only option. This comprehensive guide will help you determine exactly which route applies to you, explain the key differences between an ETA and a visa, and outline what to do if your circumstances are not straightforward.

The Basics: What Is a UK ETA?

The UK ETA is a digital travel authorisation required for citizens of visa-exempt countries. It is not a visa. Instead, it is a pre-screening tool that allows UK border authorities to check travellers before they depart. The ETA costs £20 (up from £16 on 8 April 2026), is valid for two years, and permits multiple entries with stays of up to six months each.

The ETA application is completed through the official UK ETA app or the GOV.UK website. It typically takes up to three working days to process, though many applications are approved the same day. For a complete overview, read our UK ETA guide.

The Basics: What Is a UK Visitor Visa?

A UK Standard Visitor Visa is a full visa application required for nationals of countries that are not on the UK’s visa-exempt list. The visa application process is more involved than the ETA, requiring an online application form, supporting documents (such as bank statements, employment letters, and travel itineraries), a biometric appointment at a visa application centre, and a fee of £135 for a standard six-month visa.

Visitor visas can be granted for six months, two years, five years, or ten years, depending on the applicant’s circumstances and the fee paid. Processing times are typically around three weeks but can be longer during busy periods.

Decision Tree: Do You Need an ETA or a Visa?

Use this simple guide to determine which authorisation you need:

Step 1: Check your nationality

The single most important factor is your passport. Citizens of visa-exempt countries generally need an ETA, while citizens of other countries need a full visitor visa. There are exceptions, though: British and Irish citizens and people who already hold UK permission do not need an ETA, and ETA-eligible travellers can choose to apply for a Standard Visitor visa instead – something GOV.UK suggests if, for example, you have a criminal record or have previously been refused entry.

Step 2: Confirm the purpose of your visit

Both the ETA and Standard Visitor Visa cover tourism, family visits, business meetings, conferences, short courses (up to six months), and medical treatment. However, if you intend to work, study for a long-term programme, or settle in the UK, neither the ETA nor a visitor visa is appropriate. You would need a work visa, student visa, or other specific immigration route.

Step 3: Check the length of your stay

The ETA permits stays of up to six months. The Standard Visitor Visa also typically permits stays of up to six months per entry. If you need to stay longer than six months for a permitted visitor activity, you may need to apply for a different type of visa entirely.

Who Needs an ETA (Not a Visa)?

The ETA applies to visa-exempt nationals, except Irish citizens and people who already hold UK permission. This is a large group that includes nationals of the following regions and countries:

European countries

All EU member state nationals except Irish citizens, plus citizens of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. This includes French, German, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Polish, Swedish, and all other EU citizens. Since Brexit, EU nationals visiting the UK need an ETA, but they remain visa-exempt. See our guide for EU citizens.

Americas

United States citizens, Canadian citizens, Mexican citizens, Brazilian citizens, Argentine citizens, Chilean citizens, and nationals of most Central and South American countries. American travellers can find specific guidance in our UK ETA for Americans guide, and Canadians in our UK ETA for Canadians guide.

Asia-Pacific

Japanese, South Korean, Singaporean, Malaysian (up to 90 days), Hong Kong SAR passport holders, Taiwanese citizens, Australian citizens, and New Zealand citizens, among others.

Middle East

Citizens of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. GCC nationals were the first group required to obtain an ETA, starting from January 2025.

Who Needs a Visa (Not an ETA)?

If your country is not on the visa-exempt list, you must apply for a Standard Visitor Visa. This requirement applies to a significant number of nationalities. Some of the most notable countries whose citizens require a visa include:

Region	Countries Requiring a Visa
South Asia	India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal
Africa	Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, and most other African nations
Middle East	Iran, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Afghanistan
Southeast Asia	Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia
Central Asia	Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan (some exceptions)
Other	China (mainland), Russia, Turkey, Cuba, and many others

Important: If you hold a passport from India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Philippines, or any other visa-required country, you cannot apply for a UK ETA. You must apply for a Standard Visitor Visa. Attempting to arrive in the UK without the correct authorisation will result in being denied boarding by your airline or refused entry at the UK border.

ETA vs Visitor Visa: Detailed Comparison

Feature	UK ETA	Standard Visitor Visa
Cost	£20 (up from £16 on 8 April 2026)	£135 (6 months), £506 (2 years), £903 (5 years), £1,128 (10 years)
Validity	2 years	6 months, 2 years, 5 years, or 10 years
Maximum stay per visit	Up to 6 months	Up to 6 months
Application method	Online or via app	Online plus biometric appointment at visa centre
Processing time	Up to 3 working days	Approximately 3 weeks (can be longer)
Documents required	Passport, photo, basic personal details	Passport, bank statements, employment letter, travel itinerary, accommodation proof, invitation letter (if applicable)
Biometric appointment	No (photo via app)	Yes, at a visa application centre
Interview	No	Generally no, but may be required
Refusal appeal	No appeal or review – apply for a visa instead	Administrative review
Refundable fee	No	No

What If Your ETA Is Refused?

One of the most important things to understand is that an ETA refusal does not necessarily mean you cannot visit the UK. If your ETA application is refused, there is no right of appeal or administrative review, but you still have options:

Option 1: Reapply if your application was rejected

If your application was rejected (for example because of a photo or identity problem) rather than refused, you can simply submit a new ETA application. There is no rule that you must wait six months before applying again.

Option 2: Apply for a Standard Visitor Visa

If your ETA was refused, you can apply for a Standard Visitor Visa instead. The visa application allows you to provide supporting documentation that is not part of the ETA application, such as bank statements, employment verification, and travel history. This additional evidence can help demonstrate that you are a genuine visitor.

For detailed guidance on what to do after an ETA refusal, see our UK ETA refusal help guide.

Common Scenarios and Which Authorisation to Choose

Scenario 1: American tourist visiting London for a week

You need: UK ETA

As a US citizen, you are visa-exempt. Apply for the ETA at least two weeks before your trip. Cost: £20. Processing: usually same day to three days.

Scenario 2: Indian business traveller attending a conference

You need: Standard Visitor Visa

Indian citizens are not visa-exempt for the UK. You must apply for a Standard Visitor Visa, attend a biometric appointment, and provide supporting documents. Cost: £135. Processing: approximately three weeks. Apply well in advance.

Scenario 3: Nigerian parent visiting their child studying in the UK

You need: Standard Visitor Visa

Nigerian citizens require a visa to visit the UK. A Standard Visitor Visa allows you to visit family members. You will need to demonstrate financial means, strong ties to your home country, and the genuine purpose of your visit.

Scenario 4: French citizen on a weekend break to Edinburgh

You need: UK ETA

Since Brexit, French citizens (and all EU nationals) need an ETA to visit the UK. The process is straightforward and costs £20.

Scenario 5: Pakistani citizen visiting family in Manchester

You need: Standard Visitor Visa

Pakistani citizens must apply for a visitor visa. The application requires evidence of family ties, financial stability, and intention to return home. Consider applying for a two-year or five-year visa if you plan to visit regularly.

Scenario 6: Japanese business traveller making frequent trips

You need: UK ETA

Japanese citizens are visa-exempt. A single ETA covers unlimited entries over two years, making it ideal for frequent business travel.

Scenario 7: Australian wanting to work in the UK

You need: Neither ETA nor visitor visa

If you intend to work in the UK, you need a work visa, not an ETA or visitor visa. Australians aged 18 to 35 may be eligible for a Youth Mobility Scheme visa. For other work, you would need a Skilled Worker visa or another appropriate route.

Special Circumstances

Dual nationality

If you hold passports from two countries, one visa-exempt and one not, you can use your visa-exempt passport to apply for an ETA. For example, a person with both a Nigerian and an American passport can use the American passport to obtain an ETA rather than applying for a visa, but must then travel on that same passport, as the ETA is linked to it. This does not apply to dual British or Irish citizens, who cannot get an ETA and must travel on a British or Irish passport, or on another passport with a certificate of entitlement to the right of abode.

British National (Overseas) passport holders

BN(O) passport holders from Hong Kong have special arrangements and can apply for a BN(O) visa to live and work in the UK. For short visits, they may also be eligible for an ETA depending on their circumstances.

Stateless persons and refugees

Stateless persons and recognised refugees may need to apply for a visa regardless of where they reside. The requirements depend on the travel document held. Consult the UK government website or a UK embassy for guidance specific to your situation.

Transit passengers

If you transit airside without passing through UK border control – in practice at Heathrow and Manchester – you currently do not need an ETA, although this exemption is temporary. If you go through border control while changing flights, you do need an ETA. Visa nationals may need a Direct Airside Transit visa or a Visitor in Transit visa, depending on their nationality and route. Some nationalities are exempt from the transit visa requirement if they hold valid visas or residence permits for certain countries. For transit rules, see our UK ETA guide.

The Application Process: ETA vs Visa Side by Side

UK ETA application steps

1. Download the UK ETA app or visit GOV.UK
2. Scan your passport or enter details manually
3. Take a facial photograph
4. Answer eligibility and security questions
5. Pay £20 by debit or credit card
6. Receive approval (usually within three working days)

For a detailed walkthrough, see our UK ETA application guide.

Standard Visitor Visa application steps

1. Complete the online application form on GOV.UK
2. Gather supporting documents (bank statements, employment letter, travel itinerary, accommodation booking, etc.)
3. Pay the visa fee (£135 for six months)
4. Book and attend a biometric appointment at a visa application centre
5. Submit your passport and documents
6. Wait for a decision (typically three weeks)
7. Collect your passport with the visa vignette

Cost Comparison in Detail

The cost difference between an ETA and a visa is substantial. At £20, the ETA costs a fraction of a visa, although it is not among the cheapest travel authorisations worldwide: the Canadian eTA, for example, costs CAN$7. The Standard Visitor Visa at £135 for a basic six-month visa is significantly more expensive and requires much more effort to obtain.

For travellers who visit the UK regularly, longer-validity visas may offer better value despite the higher upfront cost. A two-year visitor visa costs £506, a five-year visa costs £903, and a ten-year visa costs £1,128. These longer visas eliminate the need to reapply for each trip, though each visit is still limited to six months.

By comparison, ETA holders would spend £20 every two years, which over ten years amounts to approximately £100, far less than even the cheapest multi-year visa.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Applying for the wrong type. Always check whether your nationality requires an ETA or a visa before applying. Applying for the wrong one wastes time and money.
• Using unofficial websites. Both ETA and visa applications should be completed through official UK government channels. Third-party sites may charge inflated fees or provide incorrect information.
• Leaving it too late. While ETAs are usually processed quickly, visas can take three weeks or more. Apply well in advance of your travel date.
• Assuming your ETA or visa guarantees entry. Both the ETA and visa give you permission to travel to the UK, but the final decision on entry is made by the border officer. Always be prepared to explain the purpose of your visit.
• Overstaying your permitted time. Overstaying can result in future visa refusals, entry bans, and other serious consequences. Always leave the UK before your permitted stay expires.
• Not checking passport requirements. Your ETA or visa is linked to your passport. If your passport expires, so does your authorisation. Ensure your passport is valid for the duration of your trip.

Frequently Asked Questions

How much does a UK ETA or visa cost?

A UK ETA costs £20 (since 8 April 2026; previously £16). A Standard Visitor visa costs £135 for up to six months, while long-term visitor visas cost £506 (2 years), £903 (5 years) or £1,128 (10 years).

Can I switch from an ETA to a visa while in the UK?

Generally, you cannot switch immigration status while in the UK on a visitor ETA or visitor visa. If you need a different type of permission (such as a work or student visa), you would typically need to return to your home country and apply from there.

My ETA was refused. Can I still get a visa?

Yes. An ETA refusal does not prevent you from applying for a Standard Visitor Visa. In fact, the visa application allows you to provide supporting evidence that may address the reasons for your ETA refusal. The Home Office does not publish how often visas are granted after an ETA refusal, so make your application as complete as possible.

Do children need an ETA or visa?

Yes. Children of all ages need either an ETA or visa depending on their nationality, just like adults. There are no age exemptions for either requirement. Each child needs their own passport and their own authorisation.

I have a criminal record. Can I still get an ETA?

Possibly. Having a criminal record does not automatically disqualify you from obtaining an ETA, but it may trigger additional scrutiny. The ETA application asks about criminal history, and providing false information will result in refusal. If your ETA is refused due to criminal history, you may have better success with a visa application where you can provide context and supporting documentation.

How do I check if my country requires a visa or ETA?

The UK government maintains an up-to-date list of visa-exempt countries on GOV.UK. You can also use the UK government’s online tool to check what you need based on your nationality and purpose of visit. When in doubt, contact the nearest British embassy or consulate.

Can I extend my stay beyond six months?

Extending a visit beyond six months is extremely difficult under both the ETA and visitor visa routes. Extensions may be granted in exceptional circumstances, such as medical emergencies, but are not available for general tourism or business purposes. If you need to stay longer, you should explore other visa categories.

Conclusion

Determining whether you need a UK ETA or a visitor visa is straightforward once you know the rules. Your nationality is the deciding factor: citizens of visa-exempt countries apply for the quick and affordable ETA, while citizens of other countries must go through the more detailed and expensive visa application process.

Regardless of which route applies to you, proper preparation is key. Apply early, use official government channels, ensure your passport is valid, and have a clear understanding of what you are and are not permitted to do during your visit. Whether you are entering the UK on an ETA or a visa, the country offers extraordinary experiences for all visitors.

For more information about the UK ETA system, visit our requirements guide or our application guide.